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Speech
of Urban II in 1095: «All there, in case of their death, absolution henceforth
will be going. Against incorrect in fight, which should give many trophies,
those people who have got used to be at war against the coreligionists -
Christians let will act... It is the earth, where flows milk and honey. Yes
those, who were robber earlier, become nowadays soldiers, battled against
brothers and fellow tribesmen. Who here is sad, there becomes rich».
Speech of daddy interrupted exclamations of students: «So the God wants!».
Chronology of crusades against Moslems:
1095-1096
- a campaign of poverty or country campaign
1095-1099 - first crusade
1147-1149 - second crusade
1189-1192 - third crusade
1202-1204 - fourth crusade
1202-1212 - children's crusade
1218-1221 - fifth crusade
1228-1229 - sixth crusade
1248-1254 - seventh crusade
1270-12?? - Last crusade
For
the first time, Roman papa Urban II called the Western Europe for crusades. It
has taken place late autumn of 1095, shortly after in city of Klermona (in
France) gathering of churchmen was finished. Papa addressed to crowds of knights,
peasants, townspeople, monks, who gathered in plain area near the city, with an
appeal to begin holy war against Muslims. To appeal of Papa have responded tens
of thousand of knights and rural poor men from France, and later from some other
countries of the Western Europe.
All of them in 1096 went to Palestine to be at war against Muslims, who shortly
before it has established the control above Jerusalem. Under legends, there
ostensibly was Jesus Christ's coffin. Clearing of this relic also served as a
pretext for crusades. Crusaders attached to the clothes crosses from a matter
meaning that they go on war with the religious purpose - to expel other
believers (Muslims) from Jerusalem and other holy places for Christians in
Palestine.
Actually the purposes of crusaders were not only religious till XI century. The
ground in the Western Europe was divided between secular and church feudal lords.
To inherit the ground of the seigneur, on custom, his elder son could only. As a
result, the numerous layers of the feudal lords, who are not having the grounds,
were formed. They thirsted to receive any way in it. The Catholic Church not
without justification was afraid, as though these knights did not begin to
attempt on its extensive possession. Besides churchmen led by the Pope aspired
to spread the influence on new territories and to profit at their expense.
Hearings about riches of the countries of East Mediterranean, which were spread
by travelers – pilgrims, who visited Palestine, raised avidity of knights. It
was availed by Roman papa, having thrown the cry «To the East!» By way of
knights - crusaders clearing «a coffin of God» had insignificant value: feudal
lords aspired to captures of the overseas grounds, cities, and riches.
First time, the country poor severely suffering from oppression of feudal lords,
poor harvests and famine participated in crusades also. The dark farmers knocked
down by need, mostly serfs, listening to sermons of churchmen, trusted, that all
disasters, which they test, revealed on them the God for any unknown sins.
Priests and monks assured, that if crusaders will manage to win from Muslims «Godly
coffin», the almighty god take pity on poor men and will facilitate their
destiny. The church promised crusaders to pardon sins, and in case of
destruction - a true place in paradise.
Already during the first crusade were lost tens thousand poor men, and only few
from them have reached together with strong knightly home guards to Jerusalem.
When in 1099 crusaders have grasped this city and other coastal cities of Syria
and Palestine, all riches have got only to large feudal lords and knights.
Having appropriated the fertile grounds and blossoming of trading cities of «Holy
ground» as Europeans named then Palestine, «Christian soldiers» have based
the states. Coming peasants almost nothing have received, and consequently
further ever less than peasants participated in crusades.
In XII century, Knights many times were equipped for war in an atmosphere of
cross to keep the seized territories.
However, all these crusades suffered failures. When in the beginning of XIII
century, French, Italian and German knights in fourth time were equipped with a
sword on an appeal of papa Innokentia III, they were directed not against
Muslims, and have fallen upon Christian state of Byzantium. In April 1204
knights have grasped its capital Constantinople and plundered it, having shown
that all magnificent phrases about rescue «Godly coffin» stand.
Encyclopedic dictionary «World history»
Crusades in 1096-1270 to Near East (to Syria, Palestine, Northern Africa),
organized by the West-European feudal lords and Catholic church; the aggressive
purposes of Crusades were covered with religious slogans of struggle against
"non-believers" (Muslims), clearing of Godly Coffin and the Sacred
ground (Palestine).
Great bulk of crusaders made of devastating knights, and also the large
seigneurs expecting for a gain of the rich countries of Near East. Heavy social
and economic conditions in the Western Europe aggravated owing to lines of acts
of nature in XI century. (Flooding, poor harvests, epidemics), country poor were
sent by force in campaigns. Among it is religiously adjusted weights under
impression from stories of the numerous Christian pilgrims, who were coming back
from the East, the feeling of grief from pity affirmed speed up of the sacred
places, which appeared under authority of disbelievers.
The beginning of campaigns was promoted also by the reference of Byzantian
emperor, Alexey I Komina to Pope Urban II behind the help for struggle against
disbelievers. The first Crusade was proclaimed in 1095. Urban II in Klermona. He
was finished in 1099 by capture by crusaders of Seljuks of Jerusalem and
formation of the Jerusalem kingdom. Authority in Jerusalem has received Gptfrid
Bulonskiy. The second (1147-49, an occasion - a capture in 1144 by Muslims of
Oddessa) and the third (1189-92, it is caused by a gain in 1187 of Jerusalem by
Salahad Din) were ineffectual. The second campaign headed by French king Lui VII
and German king Konrad III. German emperor Fridrih I Barbarossa, French king
Phillip August, II and English king Richard I Lvinoe Sergtse supervised the
third campaign.
The fourth Crusade (1202-04) organized under the initiative of Pope Innokentiya
III, was directed (mainly to efforts of the Venetian merchant class) against
Byzantium, on which part of territory after capture by crusaders of
Constantinopolitan, Latin empire (1204-1261) was created. Crusades of children
related with 1212. The religionism, which has collected in France crowd of
children and adults around of shepherd Stefana, has turned back for them
destruction during a storm in Mediterranean Sea and sale of a part of children
in slavery to Egypt. Similar fate has comprehended many thousands crowd of
children in Germany, whose significant part was lost in road (especially in the
Alpes).
Last campaigns - the fifth (1217-21), the sixth (1228-29), the seventh
(1248-54), (1270) - an essential role did not play the eighth. With transition
to Muslims Acres (1291), crusaders completely have lost the possession in the
East. The important consequences of campaigns for Europe became significant
development of the Mediterranean trade, borrowing from Muslims of scientific,
technical, economic and cultural and community achievements.
In
detail, about influence of Muslims in Europe, the English researcher of
Montgomery Uot in known books has written «Influence of Muslims on medieval
Europe». The English researcher on concrete historic facts proves, that
so-called crusades were for Muslims only a number of armed clashes with
crusaders on suburb of the Islamic state. While for Europe, crusades have served
huge pushes in its development. During crusades, Europeans for the first
time have got acquainted with many achievements of Muslims in the field of
science, engineering, culture, state system, military science, navigation,
philosophy, which subsequently became a basis of development of the so-called
European Renaissance and a conclusion of Europe from a medieval condition.
Sources: Encycl.yandex.ru
scientist.nm.ru/crusades.html
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